Chip 1999 November

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;=====local dl10 mI10,N147,M31,I1613,M33,N6822,MILKYWAY hOur voyage begins with the Local Group al10 p t000,024,015,Each dot or small circle plotted t000,032,015,on the screen represents one t000,040,015,galaxy. p t000,056,015,Messier galaxies are drawn with t000,064,015,circles, and non-Messier t000,072,015,objects appear as dots. p t000,088,015,The object colors mean: t004,096,009, blue = spiral galaxy t004,104,012, red = elliptical galaxy t004,112,010,green = irregular galaxy t004,120,015,white = other galaxy type p t380,024,015,The coordinate axes are colored: t448,032,004,red (positive x-axis), t448,040,002,green (positive y-axis), t416,048,001,and blue (positive z-axis). p t360,088,015,The length of all 3 coordinate t360,096,015,axes are the same, and that length t360,104,015,(in Mpc) is shown in blue at the t360,112,015,top of the Z axis. p t176,264,015,You may press t288,264,014,PAUSE t336,264,015,to stop the action, t204,272,015,and any other key to resume it. p t000,306,015,Next, we're going to take a stroll around the Local Group... p ;=====local group rotated dl20 mI10,N147,M31,I1613,M33,N6822,MILKYWAY hA stroll around the Local Group fl20 fl20 p t000,024,015,A Group, like the Local Group, t000,032,015,is the first level of organization t000,040,015,in the universe above a galaxy. p t000,056,015,The members of a group are t000,064,015,gravitationally bound to each t000,072,015,other. p t400,024,015,The next higher level of t400,032,015,organization above a group is t400,040,015,called an association. The t400,048,015,relation between a group and t400,056,015,an association is analagous t400,064,015,to the relation between the t400,072,015,core and the halo of a galaxy. p t400,088,015,Now, we'll zoom out a bit from t400,096,015,from Local Group, to see the t400,104,015,Local Association. p dl30 mM31,M33,MILKYWAY,N404,N3109 hZooming out to view the Local Association al30 dl40 mM31,MILKYWAY,N404,N3109 hA stroll around the Local Association fl40 fl40 p t000,024,015,So far, we've only been displaying t000,032,015,the galaxies very near the Milky t000,040,015,Way. Next, we'll add the galaxies t000,048,015,which are in the foreground and t000,056,015,background of this viewpoint, but t000,064,015,still fairly nearby. p ;=====comascl dc10 mM31,M81,M101 hNon Local-Group galaxies are added to the display ac10 p t000,024,015,And next, we'll take another step outward p dc20 mM31,M81,M101,M94,M64,M82,M83,M63,M51,M106 hWe are zooming outward fc20 dc30 mM82,M63,M83,M63,M106,M51,M64 hZooming out further... fc30 dc40 mM82,M106,M83 hZooming out further... and further... fc40 dc50 m hZooming out further... and further... and further still. fc50 dc60 m hThis is the Coma-Sculptor Cloud, to which the Local Group belongs ac60 p t000,024,015,The next higher level of organization t000,032,015,above an association is called a t000,040,015,cloud, and the Coma-Sculptor Cloud t000,048,015,is the cloud in which we reside. p mO hThe Coma-Sculptor Cloud, with a new display on the bottom of the screen. r t000,020,015,The three small plots show t000,030,015,orthographic projections of the t000,040,015,galaxies on the main display. p t000,060,015,The coordinate axes in the small t000,070,015,plots are colored the same as t000,080,015,those used in the main plot. p t000,100,015,The maximum axis values in the t000,110,015,small plots is shown in white t000,120,015,near those plots. p t400,020,015,From those orthographic plots, t400,030,015,you can see that the Coma- t400,040,015,Sculptor Cloud is a pancake- t400,050,015,shaped structure which is t400,060,015,elongated along the X-Y plane. p t400,080,015,The next display may help you t400,090,015,understand the shape of the t400,100,015,Coma-Sculptor Cloud better..... p dc80 m hThe Coma-Sculptor Cloud fc80 dc70 ac70 t000,020,015,The X, Y, and Z axes which we have t000,030,015,been using are the coordinate axes t000,040,015,of the Cartesian Supergalactic t000,050,015,Coordinate System. p t000,070,015,This coordinate system has its origin t000,080,015,at the center of the Milky Way. p t000,100,015,The X-Y plane lies in the principal t000,110,015,plane of the Local Supercluster, t000,120,015,which we'll be viewing a bit later. p t000,340,015,Please wait a moment... hThe Coma-Sculptor Cloud with Equatorial Coordinates superimposed mN r t000,020,015,Equatorial Coordinates for the Northern t000,030,015,Hemisphere have been superimposed on t000,040,015,the Coma-Sculptor Cloud. p t000,300,015,The positive Supergalactic X axis points t000,310,015,to the border between Cassiopeia and Perseus. p t000,300,015,The positive Supergalactic Z axis points t000,310,015,to the border between Hercules and Aquila. p t000,300,015,The positive Supergalactic Y axis points t000,310,015,to a spot in Coma Berenices, close to the t000,320,015,center of the Coma Star Cluster, and not t000,330,015,far from the North Pole of the Milky Way. p t400,300,015,The Coma-Sculptor cloud is t400,310,015,so named because it stretches t400,320,015,from Coma (which we now see) t400,330,015,to Sculptor. p t000,340,015,Please wait a moment... mS r t000,020,015,Equatorial Coordinates for the Southern t000,030,015,Hemisphere have been superimposed on t000,040,015,the Coma-Sculptor Cloud. p t408,010,015,This hemisphere is BEHIND the t424,020,015,coordinate axes. The spots t456,030,015,where the negative axes t448,040,015,intersect the hemisphere t464,050,015,are marked X,Y, and Z. p t000,300,015,The negative Supergalactic X axis points t000,310,015,very close to Alpha Centauri. p t000,300,015,The negative Supergalactic Z axis points t000,310,015,very close to Sirius. p t000,300,015,The negative Supergalactic Y axis points t000,310,015,to the border between Cetus and Sculptor. p t392,300,015,Hence, the Sculptor part of t392,310,015,the name "Coma-Sculptor Cloud". p mG r t000,020,015,Now the Galactic Equator (the plane t000,030,015,of the disk of the Milky Way) has t000,040,015,been superimposed on the display. p t000,060,015,Galactic Lattitude Zero, which points t000,070,015,to the center of the Milky Way in t000,080,015,Sagitarrius, is marked with the line. p t000,100,015,The Galactic Equator is pretty t000,110,015,closely aligned with the t000,120,015,Supergalactic X-Z plane. p dc90 hThe Coma-Sculptor Cloud with the Galactic Equator superimposed fc90 dca0 fca0 p dc70 mC14+01,C14-01,C14+04,C14+05,C14+06,C14+07,C14+09,C14+10,C14+11,C14+12,C14+13,C14+15 hSeveral associations exist within the Coma-Sculptor Cloud... ac70 t000,020,015,The color scheme on this display and the t000,030,015,next few is different. Gray is used for t000,040,015,for galaxies NOT in one of the displayed t000,050,015,associations, and other colors are used t000,060,015,to denote associations. p hThe Coma-Sculptor Cloud Associations mC14+01,C14-01,C14+04,C14+05,C14+06,C14+07,C14+09,C14+10,C14+11,C14+12,C14+13,C14+15 fc80 fc80 p dc70 m hNow we're back to the normal color display ac70 p ;=====spurleo ds00 m hThe cloud nearest to the Coma-Sculptor Cloud (the Leo Spur) has been added. as00 p ds10 hAnd we're zooming outward a bit for a better look at the Leo Spur. fs10 ds20 mO as20 t000,024,015,A Spur is like a Cloud, but is t000,032,015,is sparsely populated and is t000,040,015,closely linked with a cloud. p t000,056,015,When a filamentary structure t000,064,015,bifurcates, the less prominent t000,072,015,feature is often named a Spur. p t000,088,015,The relation in space between the t000,096,015,Coma-Sculptor Cloud and the Leo t000,104,015,Spur should be easy to see with t000,112,015,the next frame. p ds30 mC14,C15,C15-01 hThe Leo Spur, including the M96 Cluster fs30 p ;=====zoom dz10 hWe've now added more distant galaxies to the display, in gray. fz10 p dz10 m hWe've switched all galaxies to normal colors. fz10 dz20 m hNow we're zooming out further... the Virgo Cluster is entering from the right fz20 ;=====0cloud d010 m hOn the screen now are the 2,367 galaxies within 40 Mpc. g010,020 p d010 m hOur Cosmohood: the 2,367 galaxies within 40 Mpc g010,020 t000,016,015,In the upcoming animations, we'll t000,024,015,sweep along one of the coordinate t000,032,015,axes in 36 divisions of 2.5 Mpc t000,040,015,each. p t000,056,015,The first frame will highlight the t000,064,015,galaxies in the negative-most 2.5 t000,072,015,Mpc of the axis, the next frame t000,080,015,will highlight the next t000,088,015,more-positive 2.5 Mpc, etc. p t000,104,015,First, we'll sweep the Z (blue) axis. p cz t000,016,015,Now, we have some structure evident t000,024,015,on the large-scale. The number of t000,032,015,galaxies in the 2 or 3 steps near t000,040,015,Z=0 was as high as all the other t000,048,015,steps combined. p t000,064,015,Here's a rerun of the Z-axis sweep. p cz t000,016,015,What flashed out at us near Z=0 t000,024,015,is the Principal Plane of the t000,032,015,Local Supercluster. p t000,048,015,The Local Supercluster is a t000,056,015,flattened structure with a dense t000,064,015,disk component and a sparser halo t000,072,015,component. p t000,088,015,As we mentioned before, the X-Y t000,096,015,plane of the coordinate axes was t000,104,015,chosen to lie in the densest part t000,112,015,of the disk of the Local Supercluster. p t000,128,015,Next we'll sweep the Y (green) axis. p cy t000,016,015,The various Y-axis values had an t000,024,015,approximately even distribution t000,032,015,of galaxies, certainly much more t000,040,015,even than the Z-axis sweep. p t000,056,015,There were only a few galaxies at the t000,064,015,negative-most and positive-most values t000,072,015,(as should be expected -- those are t000,080,015,the furthest away regions). p t000,096,015,There was also a pinching near Y=0, t000,104,015,which is caused by intervention of t000,112,015,the disk of the Milky Way galaxy -- t000,120,015,only the nearest galaxies are t000,128,015,bright enough to show through. p t000,144,015,But other than those two explainable t000,152,015,facts, the distribution is pretty even. p t000,168,015,Here's a rerun of the Y-axis sweep. p cy t000,016,015,Finally, we'll sweep the X (red) axis. p cx t000,016,015,Except for an increase in the number t000,024,015,of galaxies near X=0, this distribution t000,032,015,was also pretty even. The increase t000,040,015,near X=0 was not nearly as drastic t000,048,015,as the one we saw at Z=0. p t000,064,015,Here's a rerun of the X-axis sweep. p cx cregions g040,020 r t000,016,015,We're now looking edge-on into t000,024,015,the Milky Way, and can plainly t000,032,015,see the Zone of Obscuration. p t000,048,015,Also, from this viewpoint, t000,056,015,the 7 major regions are t000,064,015,well seperated. p f030 p ;=====clouds 1x cregions t000,016,015,Now we'll cycle through the t000,024,015,Clouds and Spurs involved in t000,032,015,Our Cosmohood. p t000,016,015,We'll start with the structure t000,024,015,located in the Principal Plane, t000,032,015,which was shown in BLUE in this t000,040,015,view. p hThe Principal Plane of the Local Supercluster mC11,C11-01,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16,C17,C18,C19 g010,020 p d110 g110,020 p mC11+04,C11+10,C11+14,C11+24,C11-24 r p mC12-01,C12+03,C12+05,C12+06 hThe major cluster in the Ursa Major Cloud r p mC17+01,C17+04 hThe major associations in the Triangulum Spur r p mC19+01 hThe major association in the Pavo-Ara Cloud r p mC11,C11-01,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16,C17,C18,C19 hThe Principal Plane of the Local Supercluster g120,050 p ;=====clouds 4x and 6x cregions t000,016,015,Next we'll look at the structures t000,024,015,slightly above the Principal Plane, t000,032,015,which were shown in green and red t000,040,015,in this view. p hStructures slightly above the Principal Plane mC41,C42,C43,C44,C45,C61,C62,C63,C64,C65,C66 g010,020 p d410 g410,020 p mC41+01,C41-01,C41+02,C41+07 hThe major association in the Virgo-Libra Cloud r p mC42+01,C42-01 hThe major association in the CVn-Cam Cloud r p mC43+01 hThe major associations in the CVn spur r p mC44+01 hThe major associations in the Dra Cloud r p mC61+01,C61-01,C61+04,C61-04,C61+11,C61+16 hThe major associations in the Telescopium-Grus Cloud r p mC65+01 hThe major association in the Pegasus Spur r p mC41,C42,C43,C44,C45,C61,C62,C63,C64,C65,C66 hStructures slightly above the Principal Plane g420,050 p ;=====clouds 7x cregions t000,016,015,Next we'll look at the structure t000,024,015,far above the Principal Plane, t000,032,015,which was shown in purple t000,040,015,in this view. p hStructures far above the Principal Plane mC71,C72,C73 g010,020 p d710 g710,020 g720,050 p ;=====clouds 2x and 5x cregions t000,016,015,Next we'll look at the structures t000,024,015,slightly below the Principal Plane, t000,032,015,which were shown in brown and yellow t000,040,015,in this view. p hStructures slightly below the Principal Plane mC21,C22,C23,C24,C51,C52,C53,C54,C55 g010,020 p d210 t000,016,015,The 5 Clouds listed starting t000,024,015,with the Fornax-Eridanus Cloud t000,032,015,are together called the t000,040,015,Southern Supercluster p g210,020 p mC21+01,C21+03,C21+06,C21+10,C21+12 hThe major associations in the Leo Cloud r p mC22+01 hThe major associations in the Crater Cloud r p mC23+01 hThe major associations in the Centaurus Cloud r p mC51+01,C51-01,C51+04,C51-04,C51+05,C51+07 hThe major associations in the Fornax-Eridanus Cloud r p mC52+01,C52+02,C52+03,C52+06,C52+07 hThe major associations in the Cetus-Aries Cloud r p mC53+01,C53-01,C53+03,C53+07,C53+10 hThe major associations in the Dorado Cloud r p mC54+01,C54+03 hThe major associations in the Antlia Cloud r p mC21,C22,C23,C24,C51,C52,C53,C54,C55 hStructures slightly below the Principal Plane g220,050 p ;=====clouds 3x cregions t000,016,015,Next we'll look at the structures t000,024,015,far below the Principal Plane, t000,032,015,which was shown in white t000,040,015,in this view. p hStructures far below the Principal Plane mC31,C32,C33,C34 g010,020 p d310 g310,020 p mC31+02,C31-02 hThe major cluster in the Antlia-Hydra Cloud r p mC31,C32,C33,C34 hStructures far below the Principal Plane g320,050 p ;=====closing cregions t264,264,015,Demo is finished. t240,274,015,Press Space to restart, t216,284,015,or ESC to return to Main Menu. p p